Red Square - the main and most famous square in Moscow, located in the heart of the city 's north- eastern wall of the Kremlin, the Kremlin between travel , travel, Iberian Gate , St. Nicholas Street, Ilinka Varvarka and the Kremlin embankment .To the west of it is the Moscow Kremlin, GUM east , China Town , north of the Historical Museum and the Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan , south St. Basil's Cathedral ( St. Basil ).
The length of the square is 330 meters long and 70 meters.
The oldest building on Red Square is the place of execution , set in front of the Kremlin's Spassky Tower . For the first time it is mentioned in 1547. Initially, the place of execution was the kind of wooden platform from which the royal decrees were announced . In 1597-1598 it was rebuilt in stone.
One of the first large-scale facilities established at the Posada and became the most important architectural dominant of the area was St. Basil's Cathedral ( St. Basil's Cathedral ) was built in 1555-1561 by order of Tsar Ivan the Terrible to commemorate the victory over the Kazan Khanate .The fact that such a large building was erected not in the Kremlin , and on Posad, expressed dislike for the king to the boyar aristocracy. St. Basil's Cathedral is an independent nine churches set on a uniform basis .
After a fire in 1547Ivan the Terrible ordered the construction on the east side of the square timber trade rows , and in 1595by order of Boris Godunov, they were replaced by stone , with facades of the square and stretched along the Kremlin wall : top ( between the streets of St. Nicholas and Ilinka ), medium ( between the streets and Ilinka Varvarka ), lower ( between Varvarka and Mytnaya yard , near the gates of the China- Moskvoretsky the city).
In the 17th century .increased role in the area of the city , enriched by its architectural and urban planning shape : the north side of the square near the Resurrection Gate got its dominant architectural - building of the Kazan Cathedral .In 1624-25 the high canopy and wraps decorated with sculpture Frolov ( Savior ) tower, through a gate which outputs a solemn kings and patriarchs.One of the most magnificent processions - \Odna iz naibolyee pyshnyh protsessiĭ - \u0026quot;shestvie na oslyati\u0026quot; v Verbnoe voskresenʹe (v pamyatʹ o vhode Iisusa Hrista v Ierusalim) - napravlyalasʹ iz Uspenskogo sobora Kremlya cherez Spasskie vorota k soboru Pokrova chto na Rvu; v shestvii uchastvovali patriarh, tsarʹ, mnogochislennaya znatʹ, duhovenstvo, strelʹtsy, pevchie, deti.Iberian Gate through China-town in the northern part of the area arrived foreign ambassadors on their way to the Kremlin or in their monastery in China-town . The square was paved with logs on it was a brisk trade in arms and trays. In the Spassky Gate at the bridge over the moat sold books and prints, from the Nicholas - pancakes and pies.Under the Redeemer cannon peal against the gate was a tavern, a rumble of Nikolski - cellars and shops where selling brew , apples , shoes and candles. Near the Place of Skulls traders gathered canvas , View of Red Square, shirts , cakes , kvass .
In the late 17th century.near the Kazan Cathedral building Sovereign appeared Mint and the main pharmacy , which was located where now the Historical Museum .
Significant changes in the Red Square building has undergone in the last quarter of the 19th century.In 1874-83 the building was erected Historical Museum, built in 1888-93 a new building of the Upper Trading Rows , Middle Trading Rows were built ( 1889-91) . In 1892 the area was illuminated by electric lights . In 1909, the Red Square, along the Kremlin wall , went to the tram (rails removed in 1930).
In 1918, there were regular parades and demonstrations of workers. In 1924 , after Lenin's death , was erected in the square wooden mausoleum , to maintain the \V 1924, srazu posle smerti V. I. Lenina, na ploshchadi vozveli derevyannyĭ mavzolyeĭ, sohranyavshiĭ \u0026laquo;netlennoe\u0026raquo; telo vozhdya revolyutsii.V 1929\u0026ndash;1930 arhitektor A. V. Shchusev vystroil novoe zdanie mavzolyeya v sootvet·stvii s estetikoĭ konstruktivizma.In the 1930s the mausoleum was built around the granite platform, on which during ceremonies hosted the Soviet government.At the same time instead of gravel covered pavement area , demolished the Kazan Cathedral and Resurrection Gate ( ( restored 1994-96) ), the monument to Minin and Pozharsky transferred to the Pokrovsky Cathedral, open the traffic in front of GUM. In 1938 in the Red Square is on Vasilevsky descent .In 1946-47 erected concrete podium guests , is decorated in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis , in 1973-74 necropolis renovated , stands are granite , pavers and updated on a concrete foundation laid . In the 1990 's. Red Square celebrations are held , set a time shopping facilities , the venue for concerts .
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