In higher education, imperial Russia occupies a special place Imperial Lyceum . This college was opened October 19, 1811 near the capital in Tsarskoe Selo, in order to prepare for the children of the nobility of public service. The initiative to create a privileged institution owned by the Minister of Education , AKRazumovsky and someone (Deputy ) Minister of Justice MMSperanskii .
Emperor Alexander I approved a resolution on the Lyceum ( August 12, 1810) equates it to the rights and advantages with Russian universities.grammatical study of languages ( Russian , Latin, French and German), moral science ( God's law, philosophy and foundations of logic), mathematical and physical sciences (arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, algebra and physics), history of science ( history of Russia , the history of foreign, geography and history),original base fine pismyan ( selected passages from the best writers and the rules of rhetoric) , fine arts and gymnastics (painting , calligraphy, dancing , fencing , riding, swimming)
The first course is called the initial and included the following items:Taken to study and physically healthy boys aged 10-12 years, after preliminary tests in elementary knowledge of Russian, French and German languages , arithmetic , physics, geography and history.
Education was intended for 6 years and consisted of two courses for 3 years each.
The second course (final ) covered the following topics: Science moral , physical, mathematical, historical, literature , fine arts and gymnastics . Throughout the course pupils were given an idea of civil architecture.
fundamental importance was the acquisition of Lyceum , which was taken the best representatives of noble origin. In August 1811 the 38 applicants were selected 30 young men formed the first course. The first list of students approved the emperor .
internal control carried out at the Lyceum director , nominated by the emperor claimed . The first director was a State Councillor VF Malinowski , a graduate of Moscow University. The director was required to reside permanently in the Lyceum , and stay abreast of all important matters.He was in personal responsibility for each pupil .
It should be noted that the Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum was under the patronage of the Emperor of Russia. In addition , Count Razumovsky AK officially called the head of his face with the title commander in chief.He knew by name and every school pupils, visited the classroom and participated in the admission examinations.
The educational process in the Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum organized director , seven professors , two adjunct , a priest - a teacher of God's law, six teachers of fine arts and gymnastics , three warders and three tutor.In addition, the State Lyceum were a doctor, accountant , two barber, janitor , five clerks , a few guards, cooks, cleaners and other support staff .
The Russian language and literature taught a graduate of Moscow University, Ph.D. , and free , Professor NF Koshansky .Additional duty Nikolai Fedorovich was teaching high school students Latin language . Graduates of the Lyceum of free reading in the original works of Cicero , Virgil and other world classics. Visiting professor from Switzerland , DI de Boudry conducted studies on the French language and literature.The lessons on this subject was carried out daily , in addition, recommended lyceum in his spare time to read literature in the original French . Lyceum director demanded that the students addressed the teachers and communicated among themselves in French.
The German language and literature high school students taught by Professor Frank- L.de Gauenshild , a native of Transylvania. He was distinguished methodological skill , discipline and rigor to the student. Distinguished Professor IK Kaidanov from 1811 to 1841 he taught at the Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum historical science. He was the author of several textbooks and materials for high school students .
Professor of the moral sciences was APKunitsyn , a graduate of the St. Petersburg Pedagogical Institute. He read the logic , psychology, morality , various branches of law , political economy and finance. Prof. Kunitsyn was one of the best teachers of his time.
J. I.Kartsev founded in Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , gave a physical and mineralogical cabinets. According to the curriculum , mathematics in the Lyceum was divided into pure and applied , and physics - a theoretical and technical. In addition, Professor YIKartsev read lyceum courses in certain areas of military sciences (artillery , fortification, seamanship and others).
The main expert on military science professor was Alexander Pushkin, who lectured on field fortifications and other subjects. After his death in 1821 as professor of military sciences offered Captain AVUstinov. The students who chose a military career, in addition studied weapons , tactics, strategy and history of warfare , military topography and plotting of plans, review of military art and more.
The teaching staff was free to choose their working methods .However, this is strictly adhered to the main principle of learning - Lyceum students were not supposed to be in the idle state. Teachers are not allowed to dictate the new material subjects. They were supposed to teach , so that none of the students did not lag behind in their studies.At least prepared students teachers paid special attention , as well as doing them separately. All lessons , especially in the first months of training, followed by reports of students verbally or in writing. Professors, adjuncts , and teachers do not move on to working out new material, while all the lyceum students not mastered the previous one.For each part of the study established certain methodological rules which are strictly followed.
The students were engaged with great interest the fine arts and gymnastics . Taught penmanship teacher FP Kalinich , painting - SG Chirikov , and music and singing - FB Galtengof . Dance lessons were given IVI. Ebergardt and other foreigners , specially invited to the Lyceum. Teacher of fencing in the period from 1812 to 1824 was also a foreigner Valvil .
Education youths riding began in 1816 , and the first teacher in this subject was Colonel of the Life Hussars AV Krekshino.Classes are held three times a week in shifts , without any foreign visitor , and certainly with tutor . The horses were regimental and groom were in the care ( the instructor in dressage horses and horseback riding ).
in swimming lessons began in the summer of 1817 and were specifically designated by two or three sailors.The venue for the exercises was a big bath in the royal garden. After swimming a medical monitoring . A judicious combination of mental and physical exercise has beneficial effects on the development of high school students .
Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum was closed the university and its students were on full board . Departure from the Lyceum during the school year is prohibited.All Lyceum students obeyed a strict daily routine , overseen by the director , staff officers and teachers.
A distinctive feature of the Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum was the single form of clothing.His uniform consisted of a single-breasted Lyceum coat of dark blue cloth with a standing collar of red cloth and the same cuffs, with gold and silver embroidery . Buttons were smooth and golden , blue lining . Doublet and breeches - a white cloth.
For the needs of Lyceum at its formation has been allocated a new four-story wing of the palace of Tsarskoe Selo in a room at the hospital, kitchen and other household needs as well as for accommodation of officials.By decree of the emperor from February 3, 1811 building, designed in Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum for , with all the accessories were transferred to the Ministry of Education.
In the ceremonial hall of the Lyceum was expensive furniture , it was a lot of pictures , the room lit chandeliers , the windows were curtains (velvet, silk , fringe , tassels ).In the classroom tables were covered with scarlet cloth. In the dining room dishes were English porcelain , dinner services - from St. Petersburg arcade . Pupils enjoy eating utensils made of silver and lace napkins.
of great importance in the life of the Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum was its library , founded in 1811.Headed by it distinguished librarian who had to procure the necessary learning process for books and manuals to describe the newspapers and magazines , watch for their safety and give to the readers.
close attention paid to youth religious education , organized by the presbyter NV Muzovsky .In addition to scheduled classes on the law of God , students independently read the Bible. On Sundays and public holidays Lyceum students attended the church services. All the students attended classes in spiritual singing, and he studied with great diligence .
In 1817 the first graduation of students of the Lyceum of Tsarskoe Selo in the public service.With the rank of class IX were released nine people, with the rank of class X - 8 people, 7 persons were officers of the Guard and 5 - army officers . In subsequent years, the interest high school students for military service is preserved. Suffice it to say that over 33 years of Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum officers were released 52 out of 286 completed the full course (14.6 %).Officers who have graduated from High School , have the right graduates Corps of Pages , which enabled rapid advances in military service .
The accession to the throne of Emperor Nicholas I had serious consequences for the Russian system of education.By decree of February 23, 1829 Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum came to preparing students for the civil service . Department of Military Sciences, was closed, and instead of her subjects began to introduce logic , psychology , statistics and geography. Change and organizational structure of the Lyceum.Instead of two classes of 3-year pupils are taught in four classes for 1.5 years each.
In the following years, the attention of the emperor and high officials of the Lyceum continued unabated . From year to year for the needs of students , professors, and bureaucrats all large sums.The students receive new benefits and privileges: a certificate of merit and prizes for academic achievement , entering names of the top students at the marble plaques of honor , the resolution of pupils of 4th grade wear small sword , the increase in cash benefits at release and other benefits .
The Emperor Nicholas I, November 6, 1843 signed a decree on the introduction of the Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum common unit of civilian institutions . This meant a transfer of the Lyceum under the direct supervision of the monarch , moving it from Tsarskoe Selo in St. Petersburg ( in the Alexander building the orphanage ) and the renaming of the Imperial Alexander Lyceum .Experienced significant changes in organizational , personnel and educational sectors that have made High School in an elite institution of higher learning world-class .
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